All About the New Wi-Fi 6 Standard – 802.11ax Explained (Tutorial)

22 years ago (in 1997) the first base IEEE 802.11 standard (currently known as “WiFi”) was released to the world.

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Since then, the standard has gone through a number of developments and enhancements to cover the needs of users who are hungry for fast wireless connectivity (in home networks, offices, workplaces, public areas etc).

Table of Contents

Brief History and Overview of 802.11 Standards

It’s important to note that the official IEEE standard for wireless Local Area Network (LAN) communication is known as 802.11 with various sub-naming designations such as 802.11b,  802.11g,  802.11n,  802.11ac etc.

The term “Wi-Fi”  is simply the marketing (trademark) name which encompasses all of the above technical standard terms from IEEE institute.

Let’s see a table with some important technical characteristics and features of each 802.11 standard before discussing the newest 802.11ax version.

Standard Designation	Release Year	Frequency Band	Data Rate (Max)	Approx. Range (Indoor)	Comments
802.11a	1999	5 Ghz	54 Mbps	115 ft	Never used commercially
802.11b	1999	2.4 Ghz	11 Mbps	115 ft	Actual first useable standard
802.11g	2003	2.4 Ghz	54 Mbps	125 ft
802.11n	2009	2.4 Ghz and 5 Ghz	600 Mbps	230 ft	First dual band standard
802.11ac	2013	5 Ghz	3.47 Gbps	120-150 ft	All AC routers include also a 2.4Ghz radio (802.11n)
802.11ax	Est. 2019	2.4 Ghz and 5 Ghz concurrently	14 Gbps	Better than AC	Successor of AC (to be released in 2019)
802.11ad	2012	60 Ghz	6.7 Gbps	11 ft	Not widely used
802.11ay	Est.2020	60 Ghz	20 Gbps	33 ft	Successor of AD

The most widely used wireless LAN standard at the time of this writing is 802.11ac which will be replaced by the new generation 802.11ax in the near future. This new generation of Wi-Fi is estimated to be officially finalized by the end of 2019.

As it is obvious from the table above, there are so many confusing acronyms and technical naming conventions so the Wi-Fi Alliance decided to simplify the IEEE standards above and give them more user-friendly names as shown below:

• WiFi 6 (802.11ax) – New Standard to be finalized in 2019
• WiFi 5 (802.11ac) – Currently the most popular standard
• WiFi 4 (802.11n)
• WiFi 3 (802.11g)
• WiFi 2 (802.11a)
• WiFi 1 (802.11b)

You must have in mind that the newest WiFi 6 will be backwards compatible with the older standards so even if you buy one of the new 802.11ax routers all of your home wireless clients will still work fine.

802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) Unique Features

The new WiFi6 has the aspiration of becoming the new mainstream wireless LAN standard with wide commercial, user and vendor support.

To achieve the above goal, the new protocol will try to solve or minimize the following problems found in current WLAN networks:

• Airtime distribution among clients is not efficient.
• The wireless medium is shared among all clients.
• Networks with many clients (high density environments such as airports, public places etc) suffer from performance issues.
• High battery (power) consumption of mobile client devices when using WiFi.
• Security

The most important problem that the new AX standard will try to solve is better performance in high-density environments (congested areas) such as airports, home networks with many devices, Internet of Things (IoT) environments etc.

Especially the latter one (IoT) will be a rapidly evolved field thus WiFi 6 will prepare the networks for supporting so many wireless connected clients.

Here are some unique and new features that 802.11ax will provide (there are much more offered by the standard but I’m listing some important ones only):

• Introduction of OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access) which allows simultaneous transmissions from multiple users.
• MU-MIMO will be bi-directional (instead of downlink only).
• Usage of 160Mhz bandwidth channels for much faster wireless connections.
• Spacial Frequency Reuse.
• Target Wake Time (for better battery power utilization).
• Support for WPA3 security encryption standard which will offer enhanced security compared to the current WPA2.

Let’s discuss briefly each of the above unique features:

OFDMA

This technology is borrowed from the successful 4G LTE mobile communications technology. In a nutshell, each connected client to the wifi router will use sub-channels within the main overall Wi-Fi channel itself thus multiple client devices can transmit data to and from the router simultaneously.

This means that each client device will not have to wait for a clear channel before sending data, and will not have to worry about collisions in the wireless physical channel. Therefore, in dense environments OFDMA will allow multiple client devices to efficiently use the wireless channel resources.

Bi-directional MU-MIMO

In current 802.11ac standard, the technology of MU-MIMO (Multiple Users Multiple Input Multiple Output) is well supported especially in wave2 clients and routers.

However, current MU-MIMO is only uni-directional (downlink only).

Bi-directional MU-MIMO in 802.11ax will support up to 8 simultaneous users in downlink direction and up to 8 simultaneous users in uplink direction (client to router).

Modern home networks have a lot of uplink traffic. Sharing photos and videos on social media, uploading backup data to the cloud, video streaming from local cameras to the cloud etc. Therefore, this specific feature will enhance user experience and speed by many factors.

160Mhz bandwidth channels

What you should know in wireless communications, the higher the frequency the more data rate can flow through the channel.

Although 160Mhz channels are also available in AC standard, in AX standard with 1024 QAM modulation the 160Mhz channel feature is supposed to further enhance data throughput by around 25%.

Note however that you must have a suitable client wifi device that supports AX as well.

Spacial Frequency Reuse

This is another characteristic that will help a lot in RF-dense environments (and by “RF-dense” we don’t only mean having many client devices in the same WLAN but also having many different Access Points (wifi routers) in the same area although belonging in different networks – e.g in a dense neighborhood, multi-apartment buildings etc).

If let’s say your wireless router operates in the same frequency spectrum and channel as your neighbor (something very common), your smartphone or laptop will receive interference from the neighbor’s smartphones and laptops and this will affect the quality of communication.

With Spacial Frequency Reuse, simultaneous transmissions of both your own devices and your neighbor’s devices will be permitted by adjusting the power output of the device so that it won’t interfere with the other devices.

Target Wake Time

This one has to do with lower battery (power) consumption by using 802.11ax.

Basically the Access Point (router) and client devices will negotiate and define a specific time schedule to access the wireless medium. The rest of the time, the client device will be sleeping (in terms of radio wifi connectivity). This will reduce battery consumption significantly.

WPA3

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) has been the defacto standard offering security and encryption in wifi wireless networks. The original security mechanisms for wifi were WPA and WEP which suffer from serious security vulnerabilities and are not used any more.

The current protocol is WPA2  which is fairly secure (especially if you use a long and complex SSID security key) and is used extensively in current 802.11 networks.

Although WPA2 (released in 2004) is currently pretty good in terms of security, it started to become old since better and more efficient security protocols were introduced recently.

There are some notable improvements of WPA3 which will be the preferred security protocol of WiFi6. These features include individualized data encryption, brute-force attack protection,  simplified connection of devices without display, 192-bit security suite etc.

802.11ac vs 802.11ax (WiFi5 vs WiFi6)

When the new standard will become mainstream and widely adopted, many people will be curious to know the similarities and differences between wifi5 and wifi6. Let’s discuss some of them below:

• WiFi5 (802.11ac) officially operates only on the 5Ghz frequency band although all commercial products (routers and client devices) are equipped also with a 2.4Ghz radio operating using the 802.11n standard.
• WiFi6 (802.11ax) on the other hand will natively support both 5Ghz and 2.4Ghz simultaneously with more supported channels (right now 12 total channels).
• MU-MIMO will be working bi-directional in wifi6 instead of uni-directional (downlink only) in wifi5
• OFDMA (which will greatly enhance performance) is available only on WiFi6
• WiFi6 will allow 8 simultaneous streams instead of 4 on WiFi5.
• Significant improvement in battery consumption in 802.11ax compared to ac standard.

802.11ax Speed (Data Rate)

In theory, the maximum throughput (wireless speed between your client devices and router) in 802.11ax will be around 14Gbps.

How this is derived? If we assume that 160Mhz channels are used with 4×4 MIMO streams, this equals to 4×3.5Gbps = 14Gbps. This is only in theory though and your client devices must be capable (hardware wise) of 4×4 MIMO in order to support the above.

The above max speed is around four times faster than current speeds of 802.11ac standard.

802.11ax Range

When we discuss coverage range of wireless technology, this is something you can’t assign a number to it.

Range in WLAN networks is a relative factor and depends on many things such as environmental conditions, structure of house, thickness and materials of walls etc.

The expectation of scientists developing this IEEE standard is that it will offer a small enhancement in range compared to existing standards not because there will be a specific boost in antennas or hardware but mainly because of the other technologies of Wi-Fi 6 that will reduce interference and increase performance in dense networks.

The above improvements will most likely result in a slight increase in wireless range.

Current 802.11ax Routers in the market

Many well-known manufacturers are early adopters of WiFi6 technology. New router models are being manufactured and launched as we speak. Here are all the available models in the market as of now:

• ASUS RT-AX88U (AX6000)
• ASUS ROG Rapture GT-AX11000
• NETGEAR Nighthawk AX8 (RAX80)
• NETGEAR Nighthawk AX12 (RAX120)
• NETGEAR Nighthawk TRI-BAND AX12 (RAX200)
• Netgear Orbi Wi-Fi 6 (coming soon)
• TP-LINK Archer AX11000
• TP-LINK Archer AX6000

Is Wi-Fi 6 Backward Compatible?

The new Wi-Fi 6 standard is 100% backwards compatible with the previous Wi-Fi 5 and older standards as well. This means that if you buy a WiFi 6 (802.11ax) router, all of your existing devices will work with it.

However, devices that support the older WiFi standards will not benefit from the advantages of the new WiFi 6 tech.

The new technology depends on the hardware and is not a software upgrade in order to have it enabled, so it is important to understand whether or not your existing devices support it in order to take full advantage of its benefits.

Does the PS5 Have Wi-Fi 6?

The PS5 does have support for Wi-Fi 6. It has a Sony J20H100 Wi-Fi 6 network card that supports both 2×2 MU-MIMO wireless feature and it can also work on the faster 5Ghz band.

As a result, the PS5 can use both Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 5, as well as 5GHz Wi-Fi connections which offer the fastest wireless speed.

Is Wi-Fi 6 Faster Than Ethernet?

As more and more people use the Internet at home, the demand for high speeds and connectivity has grown.

People often want to find the fastest possible connection. Wi-Fi 6 is a new standard that was designed to support the growing number of devices and to improve connectivity. It is actually the first true competitor to using an Ethernet cable for speed.

Note that usually an Ethernet connection (e.g connecting your computer with an Ethernet cable directly to your router) offers a maximum of 1Gbps speed connection.

Previously, most Wi-Fi connections offered about half the speed of an Ethernet cable, but Wi-Fi 6 allows technologies such as 4×4 MU MIMO, which can facilitate a wireless connection that is almost the same speed as an Ethernet cable.

This is one of the ways that Wi-Fi 6 is different from its predecessors. This opens the door for better smarthome connections where you have wireless devices throughout your home.

In fact, its single stream speed has been raised to 1.2 Gbps, which is 20% faster than connecting with a Gigabit Ethernet.

Which iPhone Supports Wi-Fi 6?

There are several different models of iPhone that support the new standard of Wi-Fi 6. The iPhone 11, the 11 Pro, and the 11 Pro Max support it, as well as all of the new 12 iPhones.

The important thing to remember is that you need to actually have a Wi-Fi 6 router if you want to use Wi-Fi 6 on your Apple iPhone. If you don’t have one, it will work with whatever Wi-Fi you have on your current router.

Is iPad Pro Wi-Fi 6?

The new iPad Pro does support Wi-Fi 6. One of the advantages of 802.11ax is its supports for WPA3 which is a Wi-Fi security protocol with improved cryptographic strength. Almost all modem Apple devices (including iPad 5th generation or later) support WPA3 which is a security enhancement.

The new iPadAir also supports Wi-Fi 6. However, the MacBook Air still supports Wi-Fi 5, and the only models of Mac computers  (currently) that support Wi-Fi 6 are the Apple Silicon Macs.

Will Wi-Fi 6 Help Older Devices?

Wi-Fi 6 routers are becoming fairly widespread, and it leads people to wonder if it will help their older devices.

It definitely offers faster speeds, better battery life, and less bandwidth congestion, and it is backward compatible.

One way that it helps is that it uses OFDMA modulation, which allows as many as 30 devices to share a channel at once. As a result, different people doing different things over the wireless connection in your home won’t necessarily slow each other down.

Another feature it uses is Target Wake Time, which helps to extend the battery life of battery-operated devices.

It uses radio frequencies that weren’t used in the past, which allows faster 2.4 GHz performance, and it enhances the QoS options with refined bandwidth management.

All of the above however will apply only if your client devices are also WiFi 6 capable.

Generally speaking, Wi-Fi 6 routers will help the performance of WiFi 6 client devices but it will not help your older devices because these devices will talk to the router using the older wireless technologies.

Does Wi-Fi 6 Penetrate Walls Better?

Keep in mind that the lower the frequency of the wireless signal, the better it can penetrate through walls. In WiFi you have two frequency bands, the 2.4GHz and the 5GHz band. If you use the 2.4 GHz band, it will penetrate walls better compared to the 5GHz band.

So, with WiFi 6, using the 2.4GHz band still offers the best strength when you are trying to penetrate walls and other obstacles, but it is slower in speed compared to 5GHz band.

Summary

Overall, like everything new in technology, the new Wi-Fi generation (WiFi6) will be an advancement in the right direction.

However, it’s still in early stages and support from manufacturers will expand a lot in the coming years (both from chipset manufacturers like Intel, Broadcom, Qualcomm etc and also from WiFi manufacturers like Netgear, Asus, Linksys etc).

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